Olivier Parent and James P. LeSage, "Using the Variance Structure of the Conditional Autoregressive Spatial Specification to Model Knowledge Spillovers", Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2008, pp. 235-256. The data used in this paper are the property of the European Comission, which does not permit open access. Hence the data cannot be lodged here. Access to NewCronos data is granted for internal use only. Redissemination to third parties is strictly forbidden. The data are held at the Eurostat Data Archive (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/), to which enquiries concerning access should be addressed. Information concerning the Archive holding can be obtained on Eurostat's web site (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu). Note that, based only on the geographical NUTS 2 and NUTS 1 level all the variables we use, are available from October 1, 2004 onwards, free of charge on Eurostat's web site (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu). Using the enclosed programs, estimations can still be reproduced using different geographical units. Concerning information related to R&D, we use the following variables: theme: theme1: General Statistics domain: regio: Regional statistics collect: rd: Science and Technology (research and development, patents) group: exp_pers: R&D expenditure and personnel table: pers123: R&D personnel total in FTE (Full-time equivalent), in HC (Head count), as a % of the labour force, by institutional sectors at NUTS levels 1, 2, 3 table: exp123: R&D expenditure in national currencies, ECU/EUR, PPS, as a % of GDP, by institutional sectors at NUTS level 1,2,3 Concerning information related to GDP, we use the following variables: theme: theme1: General Statistics domain: regio: Regional statistics collect: econ-r: Economic accounts group: esa79: Economic accounts - ESA79 subject: gdp79: Gross domestic product indicators - ESA79 table: e3gdp79: Gross domestic product (GDP) at NUTS level 3 - ESA79 Concerning information related to patents, we use the following variables: theme: theme1: General Statistics domain: regio: Regional statistics collect: rd: Science and Technology (research and development, patents) group: patent_r: European patent applications to EPO table: pat123: Patents applications to the EPO by year of filing and by IPC section, at NUTS levels 1, 2, 3 As explained in Appendix A, the dependent variable is based on the following NUTS 3 and NUTS 2 geographical across 223 European regions: be21 Antwerpen be1 Région Bruxelles0capitale/Brussels hoofdstad gewest be31 Brabant Wallon be24 Vlaams Brabant be25 West0Vlaanderen be23 Oost0Vlaanderen be32 Hainaut be33 Liège be22 Limburg (B) be35 Namur be34 Luxembourg (B) dk001 + dk002 København og Frederiksberg Kommuner dk003 Frederiksborg amt dk004 Roskilde amt dk005 Vestsjællands amt dk006 Storstrøms amt dk009 Sønderjyllands amt dk00a Ribe amt dk00b Vejle amt dk00d Århus amt dk00e Viborg amt uki London ukd3 Greater Manchester ukd5 Merseyside uke3 South Yorkshire ukc22 + ukc23 Tyneside ukg3 West Midlands uke4 West Yorkshire ukk11 City of Bristol ukh21 Luton ukj11 Berkshire ukj13 Buckinghamshire CC ukh11 Peterborough+ukh12 Cambridgeshire CC ukd2 Cheshire ukc11 Hartlepool and Stockton + ukc12 South Teeside ukk3 Cornwall and Isles of Scilly ukd1 Cumbria ukf11 ukf12 + ukf13 Derby ukk4 Devon ukk21 Bournemouth and Poole ukc13 Darlington +ukc14 Durham CC ukj21 Brighton and Hove ukh3 Essex ukk13 Gloucestershire ukj31 Portsmouth ukg11 Herefordshire +ukg12 Worcestershire ukh23 Hertfordshire uke1 East Riding and North Lincolnshire ukj4 Kent ukd4 Lancashire ukf21 + ukf22 Leicester City ukf3 Lincolnshire ukh13 Norfolk ukf23 Northamptonshire ukc21 Northumberland uke2 North Yorkshire ukf14 + ukf15 + ukf16 Nottingham ukj14 Oxfordshire ukg21 + ukg22 The Wrekin ukk23 Somerset ukg23 + ukg24 Stoke0on0Trent ukh14 Suffolk ukj23 Surrey ukg13 Warwickshire ukj24 West Sussex ukk14 Swindon + ukk15 Wiltshire CC ukl12 Gwynedd ukl14 South West Wales ukl16 Gwent Valleys ukl22 Cardiff and Vale of Glamorgan ukl15 Central Valleys ukl17 Bridgend and Neath Port Talbot fr711 Ain fr221 Aisne fr721 Allier fr821 Alpes0de0Haute0Provence fr822 Hautes0Alpes fr823 Alpes0Maritimes fr712 Ardèche fr211 Ardennes fr621 Ariège fr212 Aube fr811 Aude fr622 Aveyron fr824 Bouches0du0Rhône fr251 Calvados fr722 Cantal fr531 Charente fr532 Charente0Maritime fr241 Cher fr631 Corrèze fr261 Côte0d'Or fr521 Côte0du0Nord fr632 Creuse fr611 Dordogne fr431 Doubs fr713 Drôme fr231 Eure fr242 Eure0et0Loir fr522 Finistère fr812 Gard fr623 Haute0Garonne fr624 Gers fr612 Gironde fr813 Hérault fr523 Ille0et0Vilaine fr243 Indre fr244 Indre0et0Loire fr714 Isère fr432 Jura fr613 Landes fr245 Loir0et0Cher fr715 Loire fr723 Haute0Loire fr511 Loire0Atlantique fr246 Loiret fr625 Lot fr614 Lot0et0Garonne fr814 Lozère fr512 Maine0et0Loire fr252 Manche fr213 Marne fr214 Haute0Marne fr513 Mayenne fr411 Meurthe0et0Moselle fr412 Meuse fr524 Morbihan fr413 Moselle fr262 Nièvre fr301 Nord fr222 Oise fr253 Orne fr302 Pas0de0Calais fr724 Puy0de0Dôme fr615 Pyrénées0Atlantiques fr626 Hautes0Pyrénées fr815 Pyrénées0Orientales fr421 Bas0Rhin fr422 Haut0Rhin fr716 Rhône fr433 Haute0Saône fr263 Saône0et0Loire fr514 Sarthe fr717 Savoie fr718 Haute0Savoie fr101 Paris fr232 Seine0Maritime fr102 Seine0et0Marne fr103 Yvelines fr533 Deux0Sèvres fr223 Somme fr627 Tarn fr628 Tarn0et0Garonne fr825 Var fr826 Vaucluse fr515 Vendée fr534 Vienne fr633 Haute0Vienne fr414 Vosges fr264 Yonne fr434 Territoire de Belfort fr104 Essonne fr105 Hauts0de0Seine fr106 Seine0Saint0Denis fr107 Val0de0Marne fr108 Val0d'Oise def Schleswig0Holstein de6 Hamburg de91 Braunschweig de92 Hannover de93 Lüneburg de94 Weser0Ems de5 Bremen dea1 Düsseldorf dea2 Köln dea3 Münster dea4 Detmold dea5 Arnsberg de71 Darmstadt de73 Kassel deb1 Koblenz deb2 Trier deb3 Rheinhessen0Pfalz de11 Stuttgart de12 Karlsruhe de13 Freiburg de14 Tübingen de21 Oberbayern de22 Niederbayern de23 Oberpfalz de24 Oberfranken de25 Mittelfranken de26 Unterfranken de27 Schwaben dec Saarland it111 Torino it112 Vercelli it113 Biella it116 Cuneo it117 Asti it118 Alessandria it12 Valle d'Aosta it131 Imperia it132 Savona it133 Genova it134 La Spezia it201 Varese it202 Como it204 Sondrio it205 Milano it206 Bergamo it207 Brescia it208 Pavia it20a Cremona it20b Mantova it311 Bolzano0Bozen it312 Trento it321 Verona it322 Vicenza it323 Belluno it324 Treviso it325 Venezia it326 Padova it327 Rovigo it332 Udine it333 Gorizia it334 Trieste it401 Piacenza it402 Parma it403 Reggio nell'Emilia it404 Modena it405 Bologna it406 Ferrara it407 Ravenna it408 Forlì0Cesena it531 Pesaro e Urbino it532 Ancona it533 Macerata it534 Ascoli Piceno it511 Massa0Carrara it512 Lucca it513 Pistoia it514 Firenze it516 Livorno it517 Pisa it518 Arezzo it519 Siena it51a Grosseto it521 Perugia it522 Terni it601 Viterbo it602 Rieti it603 Roma it604 Latina it605 Frosinone it801 Caserta it802 Benevento it803 Napoli it804 Avellino it711 L'Aquila it712 Teramo it713 Pescara it714 Chieti it722 Campobasso it911 Foggia it912 Bari it913 Taranto it914 Brindisi it915 Lecce it921 Potenza it922 Matera it931 Cosenza it932 Crotone it935 Reggio di Calabria ita01 Trapani ita02 Palermo ita03 Messina ita04 Agrigento ita05 Caltanissetta ita06 Enna ita07 Catania ita08 Ragusa ita09 Siracusa itb01 Sassari itb02 Nuoro itb04 Cagliari it331 Pordenone it721 Isernia itb03 Oristano lu Luxembourg nl11 Groningen nl12 Friesland nl13 Drenthe nl21 Overijssel nl22 Gelderland nl31 Utrecht nl23 + nl32 Flevoland nl33 Zuid0Holland nl34 Zeeland nl41 Noord0Brabant nl42 Limburg (NL) ukn01 Belfast ukn03 East of Northern Ireland ukn05 West and South of Northern Ireland ukn04 North of Northern Ireland ukm41 Caithness and Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty ukm21 Angus and Dundee City ukm22 Clackmannanshire and Fife ukm23 East Lothian and Midlothian ukm24 The Scottish Borders ukm27 Perth and Kinross, Stirling ukm1 North Eastern Scotland ukm32 Dumfries and Galloway + ukm42 Inverness and Nairn, Moray, Badenoch and Strathspey ie022 Mid-East ie011 Border ie023 Midwest ie025 South-West (IE) ie021 Dublin ie024 South-East (IE) ie012 Midlands ie013 West ukl22 Cardiff and Vale of Glamorgan it805 Salerno